Process recovery in membrane treatment for surface water typically ranges from what percentage?

• A. 80; 90
• B. 90; 95
• C. 95; 97
• D. 99; 100

Answer: (C)

In membrane treatment processes for surface water, process recovery refers to the percentage of the influent water that is successfully treated and available as permeate. A recovery range of between 95% and 97% is typical for these systems, making this range both efficient and sustainable for treatment operations.

This level of recovery indicates that a large proportion of the water being treated can be effectively converted into clean, usable water, while still minimizing waste generation. High recovery rates are beneficial because they allow for the maximization of water resources, especially important in regions with limited water supplies.

While higher recovery percentages may seem appealing, such as those suggested in the highest choice range (99-100%), they can lead to operational challenges, including increased fouling and scaling of the membranes. Therefore, the 95% to 97% range strikes a balance between achieving a high output of treated water and maintaining manageable operational conditions and membrane lifespan.